According to NonToxicLab, one of the biggest barriers to choosing safer products is simply not recognizing the chemical names on ingredient lists. Companies are not required to use common names. The same chemical can appear under its scientific name, a trade name, an abbreviation, or a CAS number, making it difficult for consumers to know what they are looking at.

This glossary is designed to fix that. We have compiled the chemicals that matter most for consumer product safety, organized alphabetically, with common aliases, where each one is found, the health concern, the regulatory status, and our recommendation.

We have included detailed entries for the 50+ most important chemicals and briefer entries for 150+ additional chemicals you may encounter on product labels. Use the letter headings to jump to specific chemicals.

According to NonToxicLab, this is a living document. We add new entries as chemicals gain attention in research or regulatory proceedings. If you do not find a chemical here, contact us and we will research it.

For a deeper understanding of how these chemicals interact with your body’s hormonal system, see our endocrine disruptors guide.

A

Acetaldehyde

Aliases: Ethanal, acetic aldehyde Found in: Cigarette smoke, some building materials, some fragranced products, alcohol metabolism byproduct Health concern: Classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 2B). Respiratory irritant. Regulatory status: Listed under California Proposition 65 as a carcinogen. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Acetone

Aliases: Dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone Found in: Nail polish remover, paint thinner, some cleaning products, some personal care products Health concern: Central nervous system depressant at high exposures. Skin and eye irritant. Low chronic toxicity at consumer exposure levels. Regulatory status: Generally recognized as low toxicity. Regulated as a VOC. NonToxicLab recommendation: Limit (use in well-ventilated areas)

Alkylphenol Ethoxylates (APEs)

Aliases: Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs), octylphenol ethoxylates Found in: Laundry detergents, all-purpose cleaners, some personal care products, some paints Health concern: Degrade into nonylphenol and octylphenol, both persistent endocrine disruptors that mimic estrogen. Toxic to aquatic life. Regulatory status: Restricted in the EU under REACH. Not restricted in the US for most uses. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Aluminum Chlorohydrate

Aliases: ACH, aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex Found in: Antiperspirants, some water treatment products Health concern: Blocks sweat glands. Debated links to breast cancer and Alzheimer’s disease; current evidence is inconclusive but ongoing. Regulatory status: FDA-approved for use in antiperspirants. NonToxicLab recommendation: Context-dependent (those concerned can switch to aluminum-free deodorants)

Ammonia

Aliases: Ammonium hydroxide (in solution) Found in: Glass cleaners, bathroom cleaners, floor cleaners, hair dye Health concern: Respiratory irritant. Can cause chemical burns in concentrated forms. Produces toxic chloramine gas if mixed with bleach. Regulatory status: Regulated as a hazardous substance under CERCLA at certain quantities. NonToxicLab recommendation: Limit (use in well-ventilated areas, never mix with bleach)

Asbestos

Aliases: Chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, actinolite, anthophyllite Found in: Older building materials (insulation, floor tiles, roof shingles), some talc-containing products (contamination), brake pads Health concern: Known human carcinogen. Causes mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis. No safe level of exposure. Regulatory status: Banned in the EU. Not fully banned in the US (EPA issued a final rule in 2024 banning ongoing uses of chrysotile asbestos). NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Atrazine

Aliases: 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine Found in: Drinking water (especially in agricultural regions), conventional produce residues Health concern: Endocrine disruptor affecting reproductive hormones. Linked to menstrual irregularities, birth defects in animal studies, and feminization of amphibians. Regulatory status: Banned in the EU since 2004. Legal in the US with EPA drinking water limit of 3 ppb. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid (use water filtration)

Additional A entries:

  • Acetaldehyde diethyl acetal - Fragrance ingredient. Skin sensitizer. Limit.
  • Acrylates copolymer - Found in nail products, hair styling. Low oral toxicity but inhalation concern. Limit.
  • Aniline - Dye intermediate. Carcinogen. Avoid.
  • Antimony trioxide - Flame retardant catalyst in polyester. Possible carcinogen. Avoid where possible.
  • Artificial colors (FD&C dyes) - Food, cosmetics, personal care. Some linked to hyperactivity in children, potential carcinogen contamination. Limit.

B

Benzene

Aliases: Benzol, cyclohexatriene Found in: Gasoline, tobacco smoke, some sunscreens (as contaminant), industrial solvents, some aerosol sprays (as propellant contaminant) Health concern: Known human carcinogen (IARC Group 1). Causes leukemia. Toxic to bone marrow and blood-forming tissues. Regulatory status: Heavily regulated in occupational settings. EPA sets drinking water limits. FDA recalled certain sunscreens and hand sanitizers containing benzene. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Bisphenol A (BPA)

Aliases: 4,4’-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol, CAS 80-05-7 Found in: Polycarbonate plastic, epoxy can linings, thermal receipt paper, dental sealants, some water pipes Health concern: Synthetic estrogen. Endocrine disruptor linked to reproductive abnormalities, early puberty, breast cancer risk, metabolic disruption, cardiovascular effects, and behavioral changes in children. Regulatory status: Banned in baby bottles and sippy cups in the US. Banned in food contact materials in France. EU proposing further restrictions. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid. See our article on whether BPA-free is safe.

Bisphenol S (BPS)

Aliases: 4,4’-sulfonyldiphenol Found in: “BPA-free” plastics, thermal receipt paper, epoxy resins Health concern: Estrogenic activity similar to BPA. Research suggests comparable endocrine-disrupting potential. Dr. Shanna Swan’s research group has raised concerns about bisphenol substitutes having similar mechanisms of action to BPA. Regulatory status: Not specifically regulated in the US. Under evaluation in the EU. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Bisphenol F (BPF)

Aliases: 4,4’-methylenediphenol Found in: Some “BPA-free” products, epoxy resins, lacquers Health concern: Estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity in laboratory studies. Less studied than BPA or BPS. Regulatory status: Not specifically regulated. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA)

Aliases: tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole Found in: Food preservative, lipsticks, moisturizers, some rubber and petroleum products Health concern: Classified as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (NTP). Endocrine disruptor. Possible effects on the reproductive system. Regulatory status: FDA-approved as food preservative (GRAS). Listed under California Proposition 65. Restricted in EU cosmetics. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Aliases: 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Found in: Food preservative, cosmetics, some packaging materials Health concern: Possible endocrine disruptor. Some evidence of tumor promotion in animal studies. Skin sensitizer. Regulatory status: FDA-approved as food preservative (GRAS). NonToxicLab recommendation: Limit

Additional B entries:

  • Benzalkonium chloride - Disinfectant, preservative. Skin/respiratory sensitizer. Potential endocrine disruptor. Limit.
  • Benzisothiazolinone (BIT) - Preservative. Strong skin sensitizer. Avoid in leave-on products.
  • Benzophenone - UV filter, fragrance ingredient. Endocrine disruptor. Avoid.
  • Borax / boric acid - Cleaning products, some cosmetics. Reproductive toxicant at high doses. Limit.
  • Bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) - Preservative. Releases formaldehyde. Skin sensitizer. Avoid.
  • 1,3-Butadiene - Industrial chemical, tobacco smoke. Known carcinogen. Avoid.
  • Butylparaben - Preservative. Endocrine disruptor. Banned in EU cosmetics. Avoid.
  • Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP) - Plasticizer in PVC. Endocrine disruptor. Avoid.

C

Carbon Disulfide

Aliases: CS2 Found in: Viscose/rayon manufacturing (residues in bamboo viscose fabric), some industrial processes Health concern: Neurotoxin. Chronic exposure associated with cardiovascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, reproductive harm. EPA-classified hazardous air pollutant. Regulatory status: Regulated as a hazardous air pollutant. Occupational exposure limits established. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid (choose lyocell over viscose/rayon)

Chlorine Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite)

Aliases: Bleach, liquid chlorine, NaClO Found in: Cleaning products, laundry bleach, water treatment, some paper bleaching processes Health concern: Respiratory irritant. Can cause chemical burns. Produces toxic chloramine gas when mixed with ammonia. Produces chloroform gas when mixed with certain acids. Can form trihalomethanes (potential carcinogens) when reacting with organic matter. Regulatory status: Registered as a pesticide/disinfectant by the EPA. NonToxicLab recommendation: Limit (use in ventilated areas, never mix with other cleaners)

Chloroform

Aliases: Trichloromethane, methyl trichloride Found in: Formed as a byproduct of water chlorination, some cleaning products, can form from bleach use in showers Health concern: Probable human carcinogen (IARC Group 2B). Central nervous system depressant. Liver and kidney toxicity. Regulatory status: EPA drinking water limit of 80 ppb for total trihalomethanes. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid (use water filtration, avoid bleach in enclosed spaces)

Coal Tar

Aliases: Crude coal tar, coal tar solution, LCD (liquor carbonis detergens), pixalbol Found in: Some anti-dandruff shampoos, psoriasis treatments, driveway sealants Health concern: Known human carcinogen (IARC Group 1). Contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regulatory status: Restricted in EU cosmetics. FDA allows use in OTC dandruff shampoos. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Additional C entries:

  • Cetrimonium chloride - Conditioning agent. Low toxicity. Context-dependent.
  • Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) - Preservative (in Kathon CG blend). Strong skin sensitizer. Avoid in leave-on products.
  • Chromium VI (hexavalent chromium) - Industrial pollutant, some leather tanning. Known carcinogen. Avoid.
  • Cocamide DEA - Surfactant/foam booster. Possible carcinogen (California Prop 65). Limit.
  • Cyclomethicone (D4, D5, D6) - Silicone in personal care. D4 is a reproductive toxicant and PBT. Banned in EU rinse-off products. Avoid D4; limit D5/D6.
  • Cyclopentasiloxane (D5) - Silicone. Possible endocrine disruptor. Restricted in EU. Limit.

D

DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide)

Aliases: N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide Found in: Insect repellents Health concern: Generally safe for adults at recommended concentrations. Neurotoxicity at very high doses or chronic exposure. Concerns for children at high concentrations. Regulatory status: EPA-registered. Considered safe at concentrations up to 30% for adults. NonToxicLab recommendation: Context-dependent (use 20-30% for adults when needed, lower concentrations for children, consider picaridin as alternative)

DEHP (Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate)

Aliases: Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dioctyl phthalate (DOP) Found in: PVC products (vinyl flooring, shower curtains), food packaging, medical devices (IV bags, tubing), some children’s products Health concern: Endocrine disruptor. Reproductive toxicant. Linked to reduced fertility, liver effects, and developmental toxicity. Dr. Peter Attia has discussed how ubiquitous phthalate exposure, including DEHP, contributes to metabolic and hormonal health concerns across populations. Regulatory status: Banned in children’s toys in the US and EU. Classified as a Substance of Very High Concern under REACH. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

1,4-Dioxane

Aliases: Diethylene dioxide, diethylene ether Found in: Not added intentionally but forms as a contaminant during manufacturing of some surfactants (sodium laureth sulfate, PEG compounds, polysorbates). Found in shampoos, body washes, liquid soaps, laundry detergent. Health concern: Probable human carcinogen (IARC Group 2B). Kidney and liver toxicity. Regulatory status: FDA monitors but does not set limits in cosmetics. New York state set limits for 1,4-dioxane in personal care products (10 ppm by 2023, 2 ppm by 2024) and cleaning products. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid products likely to contain it (look for “eth” compounds like laureth, ceteareth, oleth that indicate ethoxylation)

Dioxins

Aliases: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) Found in: Food chain (meat, dairy, fish), contaminated soil, some bleached paper products, byproduct of waste incineration Health concern: Extremely potent toxicants and endocrine disruptors. TCDD classified as a known human carcinogen. Immunotoxic, reproductive toxic, developmental toxic. Bioaccumulate in fat tissue with half-life of 7-11 years. Regulatory status: Regulated under the Stockholm Convention. EPA sets reference doses. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid (reduce animal fat consumption, choose chlorine-free paper products)

Additional D entries:

  • DBP (Dibutyl phthalate) - Plasticizer, nail polish. Reproductive toxicant. Banned in EU cosmetics. Avoid.
  • DEP (Diethyl phthalate) - Fragrance fixative. Endocrine disruptor. Avoid.
  • DIDP (Diisodecyl phthalate) - Plasticizer. Restricted in US children’s products. Avoid.
  • DINP (Diisononyl phthalate) - Plasticizer. Restricted in US children’s products. Limit.
  • Diethanolamine (DEA) - Surfactant. Possible carcinogen when reacting with nitrosating agents. Limit.
  • Dimethicone - Silicone in personal care. Low toxicity. Generally considered safe.
  • DMDM Hydantoin - Preservative that releases formaldehyde. Skin sensitizer. Avoid.

E

Ethanolamines (MEA, DEA, TEA)

Aliases: Monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, cocamide MEA/DEA/TEA Found in: Soaps, shampoos, lotions, sunscreens, cleaning products, hair dyes Health concern: Can form carcinogenic nitrosamines when combined with nitrosating agents. Skin and respiratory irritants. DEA is a possible carcinogen. Regulatory status: Not restricted in the US. DEA restricted in EU cosmetics. NonToxicLab recommendation: Limit (avoid DEA; MEA and TEA are lower concern)

Ethylene Oxide

Aliases: Oxirane, EtO Found in: Sterilization of medical devices and some spices, residue in some cosmetic ingredients (PEG compounds, polysorbates) Health concern: Known human carcinogen (IARC Group 1). Mutagenic. Reproductive toxicant. Regulatory status: Heavily regulated in occupational settings. EPA classifies as carcinogenic. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid direct exposure

Additional E entries:

  • EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) - Chelating agent. Low direct toxicity but environmentally persistent. Context-dependent.
  • Ethylhexylglycerin - Preservative enhancer. Low toxicity. Generally considered safe.
  • Ethylparaben - Preservative. Estrogenic activity. Limit.

F

Formaldehyde

Aliases: Methanal, formalin (in solution), methylene oxide Found in: Building materials (plywood, MDF, particleboard), some personal care products (Brazilian blowout treatments), wrinkle-free fabrics, pressed wood furniture, some cleaning products, embalming fluid Health concern: Known human carcinogen (IARC Group 1). Causes nasopharyngeal cancer and leukemia. Strong respiratory irritant. Skin sensitizer. Regulatory status: OSHA PEL of 0.75 ppm. CARB Phase 2 limits formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products. Restricted in EU cosmetics. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Formaldehyde Releasers

Aliases: DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, quaternium-15, bronopol, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate Found in: Shampoos, body washes, liquid soaps, lotions, cosmetics Health concern: Release formaldehyde slowly over time. Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen and skin sensitizer. Can cause allergic contact dermatitis. Regulatory status: Permitted in US cosmetics. Some restricted or banned in EU cosmetics. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Additional F entries:

  • Flame retardants, chlorinated (e.g., TCEP, TDCPP) - Furniture foam, electronics. Carcinogens, neurotoxicants. Avoid.
  • Flame retardants, organophosphate (e.g., TCPP, TDCIPP) - Furniture foam. Possible carcinogens, neurotoxicants. Avoid.
  • Fluorosurfactants - See PFAS. Avoid.
  • FD&C Blue No. 1 - Food and cosmetic dye. Possible neurotoxicity. Limit.
  • FD&C Red No. 40 - Food and cosmetic dye. Linked to hyperactivity in children. Limit.
  • FD&C Yellow No. 5 (Tartrazine) - Food and cosmetic dye. Allergenic, hyperactivity link. Limit.
  • FD&C Yellow No. 6 - Food and cosmetic dye. Possible carcinogen contamination. Limit.

G

Glyphosate

Aliases: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, Roundup (trade name) Found in: Herbicide residues on conventional produce, some grain products (wheat, oats, barley), drinking water Health concern: Classified as probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 2A). Possible endocrine disruptor. Disrupts gut microbiome in animal studies. Andrew Huberman has discussed glyphosate exposure as one of several environmental factors worth minimizing for overall health. Regulatory status: Legal in the US with EPA-set tolerance levels. Under increasing scrutiny. Banned or restricted in several countries and municipalities. NonToxicLab recommendation: Limit (choose organic for high-residue crops, filter drinking water)

GenX (HFPO-DA)

Aliases: Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, ammonium salt Found in: Drinking water (contamination from manufacturing), replacement for PFOA in some nonstick coatings Health concern: Liver toxicity, kidney effects, reproductive and developmental effects in animal studies. Persistent in the environment. Regulatory status: EPA set a health advisory level of 10 ppt in drinking water (2022). Part of the broader PFAS regulatory framework. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid (use water filtration)

Additional G entries:

  • Glycol ethers (2-butoxyethanol, EGBE) - Cleaning products, paint. Reproductive toxicant, blood toxicity. Avoid.
  • Glutaraldehyde - Disinfectant, medical sterilizer. Potent skin and respiratory sensitizer. Avoid.

H

Hydroquinone

Aliases: Benzene-1,4-diol, quinol Found in: Skin lightening products, some photo processing chemicals Health concern: Possible carcinogen. Can cause ochronosis (skin discoloration). Cytotoxic. Banned in over-the-counter skin lightening products in the EU and several other countries. Regulatory status: FDA allows up to 2% in OTC skin lightening products. Banned in EU cosmetics. Prescription-only in some jurisdictions. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Additional H entries:

  • Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) - Pesticide, industrial chemical. Known carcinogen, persistent organic pollutant. Avoid.
  • Homosalate - UV filter in sunscreen. Endocrine disruptor. Limit.
  • HBCD (Hexabromocyclododecane) - Flame retardant. Persistent organic pollutant, endocrine disruptor. Avoid.

I

Isothiazolinones

Aliases: Methylisothiazolinone (MI/MIT), methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI/CMIT), benzisothiazolinone (BIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT) Found in: Liquid personal care products (shampoo, body wash, lotion), cleaning products, paints, adhesives, industrial water treatment Health concern: Potent skin sensitizers. Among the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis. Respiratory sensitization. MI was named Allergen of the Year by the American Contact Dermatitis Society in 2013. Regulatory status: EU has restricted MI in leave-on cosmetics (banned) and rinse-off cosmetics (limited to 15 ppm). Less restricted in the US. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid in leave-on products. Limit in rinse-off products.

Additional I entries:

  • Imidazolidinyl urea - Formaldehyde-releasing preservative. Avoid.
  • Isobutane - Propellant in aerosols. Low toxicity but flammable. Context-dependent.
  • Isopropyl alcohol - Solvent, hand sanitizer. Low chronic toxicity. Drying to skin. Context-dependent.

L

Lead

Aliases: Pb, lead acetate, lead chromate Found in: Old paint (pre-1978), contaminated drinking water, some imported ceramics, some traditional remedies and imported spices, contaminated soil, some lipsticks (trace amounts) Health concern: Potent neurotoxin. No safe level of exposure, especially for children. Developmental delays, reduced IQ, behavioral problems, kidney damage, cardiovascular effects. Crosses the placenta. Regulatory status: Banned in residential paint (1978) and gasoline (1996). EPA action level for lead in drinking water: 15 ppb. FDA voluntary guidance for lead in cosmetics. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Additional L entries:

  • Laureth sulfates (Sodium laureth sulfate / SLES) - Surfactant. Skin irritant. May contain 1,4-dioxane. Limit.
  • Lilial (Butylphenyl methylpropional) - Fragrance ingredient. Reproductive toxicant. Banned in EU cosmetics. Avoid.
  • Limonene - Fragrance component (citrus scent). Skin sensitizer when oxidized. Contact allergen. Limit for sensitive individuals.
  • Linalool - Fragrance component (floral scent). Skin sensitizer when oxidized. Limit for sensitive individuals.

M

Mercury

Aliases: Hg, thimerosal (mercury-containing preservative), mercurous chloride Found in: Some skin lightening creams (especially imported), older dental amalgam fillings, some traditional remedies, contaminated fish (methylmercury), some older thermometers and batteries Health concern: Potent neurotoxin, especially to the developing brain. Methylmercury readily crosses the placenta and the blood-brain barrier. Kidney toxicity. Reproductive toxicant. Regulatory status: Mercury in cosmetics is banned by the FDA (with an exception for trace amounts in eye area cosmetics as a preservative). Thimerosal removed from most childhood vaccines. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Methylisothiazolinone (MI/MIT)

Aliases: Neolone 950, Microcare MT Found in: Shampoos, liquid soaps, cleaning products, paints, adhesives Health concern: Potent skin sensitizer and allergen. Named Allergen of the Year (2013). Neurotoxicity observed in cell studies at low concentrations. Regulatory status: Banned in leave-on cosmetics in the EU. Limited in rinse-off cosmetics. Not specifically restricted in the US. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Mineral Oil

Aliases: Paraffinum liquidum, petrolatum (solid form), white oil, liquid petroleum Found in: Baby oil, lotions, lip balm, hair products, some food processing Health concern: Untreated or mildly treated mineral oil is a known carcinogen. Highly refined, cosmetic-grade mineral oil is considered low risk but forms an occlusive layer on skin. May contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination depending on refining quality. Regulatory status: FDA-approved for cosmetic and food use (refined grades). IARC classifies untreated/mildly treated mineral oil as carcinogenic (Group 1). NonToxicLab recommendation: Context-dependent (highly refined grades are lower concern; unrefined grades are avoid)

Additional M entries:

  • Methanol - Solvent. Neurotoxin. Can cause blindness. Avoid direct exposure.
  • Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) - Paint strippers, adhesive removers. Probable carcinogen. Neurotoxin. FDA banned in consumer paint strippers. Avoid.
  • MIBK (Methyl isobutyl ketone) - Solvent. Neurotoxin. Avoid.
  • Musks, synthetic (galaxolide, tonalide, musk ketone) - Fragrances. Bioaccumulative. Possible endocrine disruptors. Avoid.
  • Methylparaben - Preservative. Estrogenic activity (weaker than other parabens). Limit.

N

Naphthalene

Aliases: Tar camphor, white tar, moth balls Found in: Mothballs, some air fresheners, tobacco smoke, some dyes Health concern: Probable human carcinogen. Hemolytic anemia (damages red blood cells). Liver and kidney damage. Regulatory status: Listed under California Proposition 65. EPA classifies as a possible human carcinogen. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Nonylphenol

Aliases: 4-Nonylphenol, NP Found in: Degradation product of nonylphenol ethoxylates (found in detergents, cleaners, some personal care products). Also in some plastics and PVC. Health concern: Persistent endocrine disruptor. Estrogenic. Toxic to aquatic life. Bioaccumulative. Regulatory status: Restricted in the EU under REACH. EPA issued a Significant New Use Rule (SNUR). Not broadly banned in the US. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Additional N entries:

  • Nitrosamines (NDELA, NDMA, etc.) - Contaminants formed from DEA, TEA, nitrite reactions. Carcinogens. Avoid products likely to contain them.
  • Nanoparticles (uncoated) - Zinc oxide, titanium dioxide in sunscreens. Concern about absorption through damaged skin. Context-dependent (coated nanoparticles considered safer).

O

Oxybenzone

Aliases: Benzophenone-3, BP-3 Found in: Chemical sunscreens, some lip balm, nail polish Health concern: Endocrine disruptor with estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity. Detected in breast milk and amniotic fluid. Coral reef toxicant. Photoallergenic. Dr. Rhonda Patrick has discussed how chemical UV filters like oxybenzone differ from mineral sunscreen ingredients in their biological activity and absorption patterns. Regulatory status: Restricted in Hawaii and Key West (banned in reef-damaging sunscreens). Restricted in the EU (concentration limits). Under FDA review. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid (use mineral sunscreens with zinc oxide or titanium dioxide instead)

Octinoxate

Aliases: Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, octyl methoxycinnamate, OMC Found in: Chemical sunscreens, moisturizers with SPF, lip balm Health concern: Endocrine disruptor with estrogenic activity. Thyroid disruption. Coral reef toxicant. Degrades in UV light, potentially reducing protection. Regulatory status: Banned in Hawaii sunscreens. Restricted in the EU. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Additional O entries:

  • Octocrylene - UV filter. Possible endocrine disruptor. Can degrade to benzophenone. Limit.
  • Octylphenol - Degradation product of surfactants. Endocrine disruptor. Avoid.
  • Optical brighteners - Laundry detergent. Skin sensitizer. Environmental persistent. Limit.
  • Organotin compounds (tributyltin, dibutyltin) - PVC stabilizers. Endocrine disruptors, immunotoxic. Avoid.

P

Parabens

Aliases: Methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben Found in: Shampoo, conditioner, lotion, face cream, body wash, sunscreen, shaving products, makeup, toothpaste, some food products Health concern: Estrogenic activity (butylparaben and propylparaben are the most potent). Detected in breast tumor tissue. Linked to reproductive effects and possible thyroid disruption. Regulatory status: Five parabens banned in EU cosmetics. Propylparaben and butylparaben restricted in EU cosmetics (concentration limits). No restrictions in the US. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid butylparaben and propylparaben. Limit methylparaben and ethylparaben. See our guide to parabens.

PBDEs (Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers)

Aliases: Brominated flame retardants, pentaBDE, octaBDE, decaBDE Found in: Older furniture foam (pre-2014), older electronics, carpet padding, building insulation, household dust Health concern: Thyroid disruption, neurodevelopmental effects (reduced IQ, attention problems), reproductive toxicants, possible carcinogens. Bioaccumulate in fat tissue and breast milk. Persistent organic pollutants. Regulatory status: PentaBDE and octaBDE phased out in 2004, decaBDE phased out in 2013 in the US. Listed under the Stockholm Convention. Still present in older products and household dust. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid (replace pre-2005 foam furniture, HEPA vacuum regularly)

Perchlorate

Aliases: Perchlorate salts (ammonium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate) Found in: Contaminated drinking water, some food packaging, some produce (through contaminated irrigation water) Health concern: Blocks thyroid iodine uptake. Disrupts thyroid hormone production, particularly dangerous during pregnancy and early childhood when thyroid hormones are critical for brain development. Regulatory status: No federal drinking water standard (EPA considered and then withdrew a proposal). Some states have set limits (California: 6 ppb, Massachusetts: 2 ppb). NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid (use water filtration)

PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances)

Aliases: PFOA, PFOS, GenX, PFBA, PFHxS, FTOH, and thousands of others. Collectively called “forever chemicals.” Found in: Nonstick cookware, waterproof clothing, stain-resistant fabrics and carpet, food packaging (fast food wrappers, microwave popcorn bags, pizza boxes), firefighting foam, some dental floss, cosmetics (some foundations and mascaras), contaminated drinking water Health concern: Thyroid disruption, immune suppression, kidney and testicular cancer, liver damage, elevated cholesterol, reproductive effects, developmental effects. Extremely persistent in the body and environment (half-life of years in humans, virtually infinite in the environment). Regulatory status: EPA set enforceable drinking water limits for PFOA and PFOS (4 ppt each). Several states have broader PFAS restrictions. EU has proposed a broad PFAS restriction. Some PFAS phased out of production but persist in environment. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid. See our complete guide to PFAS.

Phthalates

Aliases: DEHP, DBP, BBP, DEP, DINP, DIDP, DnOP, DIBP, DCHP, DnHP Found in: Fragranced products, vinyl flooring, shower curtains, plastic wrap, food packaging, personal care products, nail polish, hair spray, some medical devices, children’s toys (restricted) Health concern: Anti-androgenic endocrine disruptors. Linked to reduced sperm quality, altered male reproductive development, early puberty in girls, endometriosis, asthma, ADHD-related behaviors, metabolic disruption. Regulatory status: Six phthalates banned in US children’s toys. Broader restrictions in EU under REACH. Not restricted in most other US consumer product categories. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid. See our complete guide to phthalates.

Propylparaben

Aliases: Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Found in: Cosmetics, personal care products, some food products Health concern: One of the more estrogenic parabens. Reproductive effects in animal studies. Skin sensitizer. Regulatory status: Restricted in EU cosmetics (concentration limits). Proposed for further restriction. No US restrictions. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Additional P entries:

  • P-phenylenediamine (PPD) - Hair dye. Potent allergen and skin sensitizer. Limit.
  • Paraffin wax - Candles, cosmetics. Can release toluene and benzene when burned (candles). Limit.
  • PEG compounds (Polyethylene glycol) - Personal care, pharmaceuticals. May contain 1,4-dioxane and ethylene oxide. Limit.
  • Permethrin - Insecticide in clothing treatments, pet products. Neurotoxic to cats. Possible carcinogen. Context-dependent.
  • Petrolatum - Skin protectant (Vaseline). Low toxicity if properly refined. EU requires full refining history. Context-dependent.
  • Phenoxyethanol - Preservative in cosmetics. Lower toxicity than parabens/formaldehyde-releasers. Skin irritant at high concentrations. Context-dependent.
  • Phosphates - Detergents. Not directly toxic but cause environmental eutrophication. Limit.
  • Polyurethane foam - Furniture, mattresses. May contain flame retardants and unreacted isocyanates. Context-dependent (check certifications).
  • PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) - Vinyl products. Contains phthalate plasticizers. May contain lead stabilizers. Manufacturing produces dioxins. Avoid.

Q

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats)

Aliases: Benzalkonium chloride, cetrimonium chloride, stearalkonium chloride, ADBAC, DDAC Found in: Disinfectant sprays and wipes, fabric softeners, dryer sheets, some personal care products, some eye drops (as preservatives) Health concern: Respiratory sensitizers and irritants (especially in spray form). Skin sensitizers. Some evidence of reproductive toxicity and endocrine disruption. Contribute to antibiotic resistance. May exacerbate asthma. Regulatory status: EPA-registered as pesticides when used as disinfectants. Widely used during COVID-19, raising exposure concerns. NonToxicLab recommendation: Limit (use only when disinfection is specifically needed, not as general cleaners; avoid in spray form)

Quaternium-15

Aliases: Dowicil 200, N-(3-chloroallyl)hexaminium chloride Found in: Shampoos, conditioners, cosmetics, some industrial products Health concern: Formaldehyde-releasing preservative. Releases the most formaldehyde of any cosmetic preservative. Strong skin sensitizer and allergen. Regulatory status: Permitted in US cosmetics. Restricted in some EU countries. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

R

Resorcinol

Aliases: 1,3-Benzenediol, resorcin Found in: Hair dyes, acne treatments, some adhesives and rubber products Health concern: Endocrine disruptor (thyroid). Skin sensitizer. Can cause methemoglobinemia at high doses. Regulatory status: Restricted in EU cosmetics (concentration limits). Under evaluation by the EU for possible restriction. NonToxicLab recommendation: Limit

Additional R entries:

  • Retinyl palmitate - Vitamin A derivative in cosmetics and sunscreens. Photosensitizing; may accelerate skin damage in sunlight. Context-dependent (avoid in sunscreens).

S

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS)

Aliases: Sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS Found in: Shampoos, toothpaste, body wash, face wash, household cleaners Health concern: Skin and mucous membrane irritant. Not a carcinogen or endocrine disruptor. Can cause mouth ulcers in sensitive individuals (toothpaste). Often confused with the more problematic sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), which may contain 1,4-dioxane. Regulatory status: Not restricted. Widely used. NonToxicLab recommendation: Context-dependent (switch if you experience skin or oral irritation; not a significant health hazard)

Styrene

Aliases: Vinylbenzene, ethenylbenzene, phenylethylene Found in: Polystyrene (Styrofoam) food containers, some building materials, cigarette smoke Health concern: Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (NTP). Neurotoxicant. Respiratory irritant. Can leach from polystyrene into food, especially when heated. Regulatory status: OSHA PEL established. Listed under California Proposition 65. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid (do not microwave food in polystyrene, choose alternative food containers)

Additional S entries:

  • Silica, crystalline - Some cosmetics, industrial dust. Carcinogen when inhaled. Avoid inhalation.
  • Siloxanes (D4, D5, D6) - See Cyclomethicone. D4 avoid; D5/D6 limit.
  • Sodium borate (borax) - Cleaning products. Reproductive toxicant at high doses. Limit.
  • Sodium hydroxymethylglycinate - Formaldehyde-releasing preservative. Avoid.
  • Stearalkonium chloride - Conditioning agent, fabric softener. Skin sensitizer. Limit.

T

Talc

Aliases: Magnesium silicate, talcum powder Found in: Baby powder, body powder, some cosmetics (blush, eyeshadow, foundation), some pharmaceutical tablets Health concern: Concern about asbestos contamination in talc deposits (asbestos is a known carcinogen). Talc applied to the genital area has been associated with ovarian cancer in some epidemiological studies (IARC classifies genital use of talc as possibly carcinogenic, Group 2B). Johnson & Johnson withdrew talc-based baby powder from the US market. Regulatory status: FDA does not require asbestos testing for talc in cosmetics (though it has conducted surveys). No specific regulation on talc in cosmetics in the US. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid (use cornstarch-based or arrowroot alternatives)

Toluene

Aliases: Methylbenzene, toluol, phenyl methane Found in: Nail polish, nail treatments, paint thinners, adhesives, some cleaning products, gasoline Health concern: Neurotoxicant (affects the central nervous system). Reproductive toxicant (prenatal exposure linked to developmental effects). Can cause headaches, dizziness, and cognitive impairment. Regulatory status: Listed under California Proposition 65 as a reproductive toxicant. OSHA PEL established. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Triclosan

Aliases: 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol, Microban (trade name in some products) Found in: Some toothpastes (Colgate Total contained triclosan until reformulation), some hand sanitizers, some medical-grade antiseptics. Banned from consumer antiseptic washes since 2016. Health concern: Endocrine disruptor (thyroid, estrogenic). Contributes to antibiotic resistance. Alters gut microbiome. Liver effects in animal studies. Regulatory status: FDA banned from over-the-counter consumer antiseptic wash products (2016). Still permitted in some other product categories. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

TRIS (TDCPP / Chlorinated Tris)

Aliases: Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, chlorinated tris Found in: Furniture foam, children’s products (historically), some textiles Health concern: Known carcinogen (California Prop 65). Mutagenic. Reproductive toxicant. Was used in children’s sleepwear until banned in 1977, then reappeared in furniture foam. Regulatory status: Banned in children’s sleepwear (1977). Listed as a carcinogen under Proposition 65. Not broadly banned in other products. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Additional T entries:

  • TCEP (Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate) - Flame retardant. Carcinogen. Reproductive toxicant. Avoid.
  • TCPP (Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate) - Flame retardant. Possible carcinogen. Avoid.
  • Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, PERC) - Dry cleaning solvent. Probable carcinogen. Neurotoxin. Avoid.
  • Thimerosal - Mercury-based preservative. Removed from most vaccines. Neurotoxic. Avoid.
  • Titanium dioxide - Pigment, UV filter. Safe topically in non-nano form. Possible carcinogen when inhaled. Context-dependent (avoid powder forms, safe in cream sunscreens).
  • Triethanolamine (TEA) - pH adjuster. Can form nitrosamines. Limit.
  • Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) - Flame retardant in nail polish, electronics. Endocrine disruptor. Avoid.
  • Trichloroethylene (TCE) - Industrial solvent. Known carcinogen. Avoid.

V

Vinyl Chloride

Aliases: Chloroethylene, chloroethene, VCM Found in: PVC manufacturing byproduct (trace amounts may remain in PVC products), contaminated drinking water near industrial sites Health concern: Known human carcinogen (IARC Group 1). Causes liver angiosarcoma. Neurotoxicant. Regulatory status: Heavily regulated. EPA drinking water limit of 2 ppb. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid (minimize PVC product use)

VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)

Aliases: Various individual chemicals including formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, acetaldehyde, and many more Found in: Paint, varnish, cleaning products, air fresheners, new furniture, new carpet, building materials, printers, dry-cleaned clothing, gasoline Health concern: Varies by specific VOC. As a class: respiratory irritation, headaches, dizziness, liver/kidney damage, central nervous system effects, and some are carcinogenic (formaldehyde, benzene). Contribute to indoor air quality problems. Regulatory status: EPA regulates outdoor VOC emissions. CARB regulates VOCs in consumer products sold in California. Individual VOCs have specific regulations. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid/Limit (choose zero-VOC or low-VOC products, ventilate well). See our complete guide to VOCs.

X

Xylene

Aliases: Xylol, dimethylbenzene Found in: Paint thinners, varnishes, adhesives, some cleaning products, gasoline, some nail polish Health concern: Neurotoxicant (dizziness, headaches, confusion at high exposure). Respiratory irritant. Reproductive effects at high doses. Regulatory status: OSHA PEL established. EPA-listed hazardous air pollutant. NonToxicLab recommendation: Avoid

Z

Zinc Pyrithione

Aliases: Pyrithione zinc, ZPT Found in: Anti-dandruff shampoos (Head & Shoulders, Selsun Blue), some paints and coatings as antifungal Health concern: Skin irritant. Toxic to aquatic organisms. EU banned from rinse-off cosmetics (2022) due to reproductive toxicity classification (CMR 1B). Regulatory status: FDA-approved as an OTC active ingredient for dandruff. Banned in EU cosmetics (rinse-off products, 2022). NonToxicLab recommendation: Limit (use only for active dandruff treatment; consider alternatives)

Additional Z entries:

  • Zinc oxide - Mineral sunscreen ingredient. Safe topically (including non-nano). Preferred UV filter. Generally considered safe.
  • Zinc stearate - Cosmetics, some plastics. Low toxicity. Generally considered safe.

How to Use This Glossary

This glossary is a reference tool, not a panic list. The presence of a chemical in a product does not automatically make that product dangerous. Dose, exposure route, frequency of use, and individual vulnerability all matter.

Use this glossary to:

  1. Look up unfamiliar ingredients when reading product labels.
  2. Understand the difference between high-priority and lower-priority chemicals. Chemicals marked “Avoid” have strong evidence of harm. Chemicals marked “Limit” are lower priority but worth reducing where practical. “Context-dependent” means the risk depends on the specific product, formulation, or use pattern.
  3. Cross-reference with certifications. If a product carries a respected certification (OEKO-TEX, MADE SAFE, GREENGUARD Gold), the certifying body has already screened for many of these chemicals.

For information on how to interpret product safety labels, see our guide on how to read product safety labels. For a broader understanding of the chemicals that disrupt your hormonal system, see our endocrine disruptors guide.

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